The modern era of blood transfusions was ushered in by the discovery of human red cell groups by Shattock (1) in 1900 and Landsteiner (2) in 1901.Grouping was later systematized by Jansky (3) and Moss (4).In the course of a few years the paraffined tube method of Kimpton- Brown (5), the multiple syringe technic of Linde- man (6) and the 4-way stopcock apparatus of Unger (7) came into general use in hospitals for direct transfusions.All of these methods required speed in transferring blood from donor to recipient because of the dangers of clotting.
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Gibson et al. (1947) studied this question.