A sustainable approach to remediation of dyes, antibiotics, and heavy metals: A review of biochar composites with green-synthesized nanomaterials

Global water safety is at risk by pollutants such as industrial dyes, antibiotics, and heavy metals, ignoring the fact that access to pure water is an essential human requirement. This review discusses at a long-term solution for cleaning up water pollution: using biochar that has been modified with green-synthesized nanoparticles. The manuscript examines the formation of biochar, the principal parameters influencing its properties, and the biosynthesis of nanoparticles utilizing plant-derived extracts as a non-toxic alternative to traditional synthesis methods. It also goes into detail about the important analytical methods used to study these composite materials and figure out how their structure and function relate to each other. These methods include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The main point of the review is that these functionalized bio-chars are effective in cleaning water by using processes like adsorption and catalytic degradation. This method combines natural synthesis with material science to produce an interesting and environmentally friendly way to clean water. The discussion additionally addresses about the challenges and limitations that the technology has at present, providing a well-rounded view of its potential to be used in real life. In the end, this review's target is to make the underlying science clearer and encourage more new ideas for making eco-friendly, nature-inspired water filtration systems that protect human and environmental health.