Bioelectrical Impedance Techniques in Medicine Part I: Bioimpedance Measurement Second Section: Impedance Spectrometry

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Electrical impedance spectrometry is an important application field of bioimpedance measurements. After introducing the electrical properties of biological tissues, this part presents instrumental aspects and applications of electrical impedance spectrometry. The main instrumental constraints encountered in spectrometric electrical impedance measurements are reviewed, focusing on low-frequency applications. Examples of impedance cells and probes are presented and several instrumental setups operating in the frequency and time domain are described. Some examples of applications are presented, including in vitro characterization and modeling of normal tissues, in vitro and in vivo characterization of cancerous tissues, and assessment of tissue perfusion/ischemia levels.