The article examines the role of cyber operations during the Twelve-Day War between Israel and Iran in June 2025. The article situates the case within the long-running scholarly debate over whether cyber activity constitutes an independent form of warfare or functions as an adjunct to conventional military forces. Drawing on existing theoretical frameworks, particularly Thomas Rid’s sabotage-espionage-subversion typology and Harknett and Smeets’ concept of persistent cyber campaigns, the article elucidates the cyber operations undertaken by both state and non-state actors during the conflict.
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Rohit Sharma (2026) studied this question.
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