Individual protective behaviors and environmental safety status related to fire prevention in commercial complexes

Background Fires pose significant risks in commercial complexes, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas where inadequate safety measures increase vulnerability. This study investigated factors associated with fire-prevention behaviors among commercial complex employees using Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), while also assessing demographic and building-related factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among commercial complex employees. Participants completed validated questionnaires assessing PMT constructs and fire-prevention behaviors. Fire safety conditions were also assessed using a structured checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. Results Commercial complex employees demonstrated moderate levels of fire-prevention behaviors. Protective motivation was the main predictor of safe behavior, while age and work experience were also associated with protective behaviors. The assessment of commercial complexes revealed substantial deficiencies in fire safety infrastructure and preparedness, particularly regarding sprinkler systems, safety training, and emergency drills. Conclusion Commercial complex employees showed moderate fire-prevention behaviors, while commercial complexes had considerable deficiencies in fire safety infrastructure and preparedness. Strengthening protective motivation among commercial complex employees, together with improving building safety measures, training, and emergency preparedness, is essential for reducing fire risk in commercial complexes.