Challenges for the effectiveness of infectious disease interventions during global change

Global change, including climate change, land-use change, and increased human mobility, is expected to have complex effects on the transmission, evolution, and emergence of infectious diseases 1 , 2 . Current research agendas aim to understand how these environmental and anthropogenic changes will affect pathogen transmission to anticipate effects on infection burden 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . However, the impacts of global change on interventions for disease control is a key dimension that has been studied in comparatively less detail 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 . Many pathogens are kept under control by the continuous efforts of public health interventions in both human and animal populations; understanding how the effectiveness of these interventions may change in the future is essential for continued mitigation of transmission.