Food insecurity in individuals living with cancer: a systematic review of prevalence, social determinants, and health outcomes

Aim This systematic review aims to investigate the association between food insecurity (FI) and quality of life, prognosis, survival, and treatment-related outcomes in adult cancer patients. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and CINAHL/EBSCO to identify relevant studies focused specifically on cancer patients. All publications from database inception until August 2024 were included. Results A total of 158 articles were identified. After data extraction and analysis using inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven observational studies were selected. These studies assessed the frequency and impact of FI in oncology patients. Sociodemographic samples varied, with a predominance of patients from the United States. The frequency of FI ranged from 17% to 71% and was associated with negative outcomes such as increased risk of depression, lower quality of life, and difficulties accessing medication and adequate nutrition. Conclusion FI is a critical social determinant associated with worse quality of life and unfavorable outcomes in individuals with cancer. Given its potential impact on prognosis and cancer care, incorporating FI screening and interventions into oncology practice is an urgent priority.