Sanctions and the Use of Force in International Relations: Exploring a Multifaceted Nexus

This article explores the complex relationship between sanctions and the use of force. It reveals a multifaceted interrelationship that, to some extent, reflects the complex nature of sanctions themselves. After reviewing and assessing the key issues arising in relation to sanctions – particularly the legality and legitimacy of autonomous (i.e. non-UN) sanctions – the article examines a selection of concrete situations illustrating four distinct ways in which sanctions interact with, or otherwise become relevant to, the use of armed force. The analysis demonstrates the significance and close interconnection of these different dimensions. It further suggests that sanctions – particularly in their relationship with the use of force – may also be understood as a significant barometer of the fundamental interplay between international law and power politics in the current context of fragmented, volatile and increasingly unstable – and arguably lawless – international relations.