A comprehensive review of nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of cactus plant and their implications for human health and sustainable development

Cactus fruit ( Opuntia spp.) has emerged as a nutrient-rich and climate-resilient food resource with considerable potential to address global challenges related to nutrition, health, and environmental sustainability. This review synthesizes current scientific evidence on the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of cactus plant, including vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, polyphenols, and betalains, and evaluates their role in promoting human health. Evidence indicates that cactus plant possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective properties, supporting its classification as a functional food. In addition to its health benefits, cactus fruit plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture due to its adaptability to arid and semi-arid environments, minimal water requirements, and resilience to climate variability. These characteristics highlight its relevance to the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). This review underscores the dual importance of cactus plant in enhancing human nutrition and fostering sustainable food systems, emphasizing its potential contribution to global food security and sustainable development.