Praziquantel residue profile and integrated biomarker response-based risk assessment for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

. At the recommended dose, PQ residues in muscle and skin reached below detectable levels within 2 days, supporting a 2-day withdrawal period for consumer safety. However, some biological instabilities persisted beyond this period, suggesting incomplete physiological recovery and therefore, residue clearance alone does not confirm complete biological safety.