Agro-energy Systems on Non-agricultural and Degraded Lands in Brazil: A Holistic Evaluation of Energy Crops and Thermochemical Technologies

Agro-energy systems in Brazil present a promising pathway to reduce fossil fuel dependence while restoring degraded soils. This study evaluated the integration of energy crop production with thermochemical conversion to electricity, focusing exclusively on land unsuitable for conventional agriculture and degraded regions. Logistics of biomass collection, transport, and storage were incorporated, with emphasis on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and eucalyptus. Theoretical energy potentials were estimated at 8–17 EJ per year. Gasification coupled with internal combustion engines demonstrated the highest efficiency, while projects exceeding 1 MW capacity showed superior financial viability. Findings confirm the technical feasibility and competitive costs of such systems, underscoring the importance of supportive policies to ensure long-term sustainability.