Recent advances in bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): Synthesis, properties, and their water remediation applications

Bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (BMOFs) have emerged as a versatile class of porous materials with properties extending beyond those of their monometallic counterparts. By combining two metal centers within a single framework, BMOFs exhibit synergistic effects that enhance structural stability, tune electronic environments, and improve adsorption and catalytic performance. Their physicochemical behaviour is highly dependent on metal, ratio, coordination environment, and synthetic route. Recent advances in direct co-assembly, post-synthetic exchange, and core–shell growth have expanded the structural and functional diversity of BMOFs. These frameworks show exceptional activity in dye removal, degradation of persistent organic pollutants, and heavy-metal remediation through adsorption, Fenton-like catalysis, photocatalysis, and ion-exchange pathways. This review summarizes key progress in BMOF synthesis, properties, and applications, and highlights emerging trends and challenges that will guide the design of next-generation dual-metal frameworks.