Performance testing of fabricated green-synthesised binary and ternary nanohybrids for light-induced reduction of CO2 to gaseous fuel

Greenhouse gas emissions worldwide continue to rise, and rising atmospheric CO 2 is accelerating global warming and putting the 1.5 °C climate goal in jeopardy. The energy sector is still the biggest polluter because of the continued use of fossil fuels. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction driven by solar energy provides a sustainable pathway for the transformation of CO 2 into useful fuels and chemicals. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constitute an exciting class of materials for CO 2 capture and conversion, due to their high surface areas, tunable porosity and rich functionality. Bio-MOFs are composed of renewable biological resources and thus offer a sustainable alternative to conventional MOFs. Their structural tunability, functional diversity and self-assembly properties can improve CO 2 adsorption, selective capture in humid conditions, recyclability and industrial applicability. Thus, bio-based MOFs represent promising platforms for sustainable and efficient photocatalytic CO 2 conversion and carbon utilisation. This study explains bio-based MOF synthesis strategies and develops binary and ternary MOF nanocomposites containing metallic and metal oxide components for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction under halogen-lamp irradiation, followed by analysis of the reaction products. The synthesised materials were comprehensively characterised using FE-SEM/EDS, XRD, UV–Vis DRS, FTIR, PL, Mott–Schottky analysis, XPS, and BET surface area analysis to evaluate their morphological, structural, elemental, optical, electronic, surface-chemical, and textural properties. The composites were then tested for reduction reactions under visible light irradiation and quantified using gas chromatography (GC). Furthermore, Design of Experiments (DOE) using the two-factorial method was applied to optimise process parameters.