Algorithms for Coupled Electrified Transportation and Power Networks: From Grid Services to Real-World Deployment—A Systems-Oriented Review

Electrified transport introduces loads whose location, timing, and flexibility depend on vehicle movement and user behavior. Its operation therefore links road networks, charging infrastructure, distribution grids, communication systems, and electricity markets. However, many studies examine these components separately or represent interactions through fixed demand profiles and simplified forecasts. This review examines electrified transportation and smart-grid analytics from a system-level perspective. It presents a five-layer framework covering transportation, charging, power, information, and market-governance systems, and compares models across spatial scales and decision horizons. The review evaluates traffic–power network coordination, managed charging, vehicle-to-grid services, fleet operation, infrastructure planning, forecasting, optimization, and distributed control. It also considers reliability, cybersecurity, privacy, battery degradation, emissions, resilience, and equitable access as integral design requirements. Four limitations recur across the literature: unequal modeling detail between transportation and power networks, limited validation of operational decisions, insufficient representation of user and institutional responses, and a lack of reproducible cross-domain benchmarks. Priorities for future work include modular digital twins, uncertainty-aware learning and optimization, multi-timescale coordination, interoperable flexibility markets, and field validation under realistic operating conditions. Electrified mobility should consequently be planned and operated as an integrated transportation–energy system rather than treated solely as an additional category of electricity demand.