Biological Properties of Promising Poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles Coated with Fucoidan, Levan, or Chitosan

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The objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the biological behavior of poly(isobutyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles coated with fucoidan, chitosan, or levan. We evaluated their in vitro hemocompatibility, coagulation profile, platelet aggregation, cytotoxicity, in vitro wound-healing activity, and stability during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The three formulations exhibited distinct biological responses depending on the polysaccharide used. All nanosystems showed nonhemolytic action under the tested conditions. In coagulation and platelet assays, Chi-NPs displayed procoagulant tendencies and Lev-NPs also promoted coagulation, whereas Fuc-NPs demonstrated concentration-dependent anticoagulant effects. Cytotoxicity results varied across the assays, with the MTT assay showing cytotoxicity and apparent preservation of cell morphology, whereas the nanoparticles were not found to be cytotoxic using the flow cytometry technique. All formulations supported fibroblast migration in the wound-healing model, with Fuc-NPs showing the most pronounced effect. During simulated digestion, only Chi-NPs exhibited marked instability, with substantial size variation (123.2 ± 2.18 nm to 653.9 ± 534.41 nm) upon exposure to digestive enzymes. These findings highlight the importance of in vitro characterization as an initial step toward understanding how formulation-specific physicochemical properties influence biological behavior. However, the results are not sufficient to establish safety or suitability for in vivo administration. The differences observed among the formulations reflect not only the chemical identity of the polysaccharides but also the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics of each nanoparticle. Thus, this study should be interpreted as a comparative characterization of three distinct PIBCA systems.