Frequency regulation in microgrid with electric vehicle aggregator under DoS cyber attack using adaptive crossover marine predators algorithm

The microgrid (MG) experiences frequency deviations primarily due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, combined with their inherently low inertia. However, the limited deployment of energy storage systems necessitates alternative solutions for power balancing. In recent years, electric vehicle (EV) batteries have attracted significant attention for frequency regulation applications. Accordingly, this work presents the incorporation of EV through state-of-charge synchronization control, combined with Adaptive Crossover Marine Predators Algorithm (AC-MPA) tuned Cascade Tilt Integral–Tilt Derivative (TI–TD) controller, to achieve effective load frequency control (LFC) in the MG system. Additionally, the impact of Denial-of-Service (DoS) cyber-attack on the control channel is investigated to evaluate system resilience under attack conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller techniques achieves up to 80.55%, 58.64%, and 62.77% reduction in maximum overshoot (MO), maximum undershoot (MU), and settling time ( T s ) respectively, compared with existing controller . Furthermore, EV integration enhances system performance, providing improvements of 35.39% in MO, 22.89% in MU, and 35.44% in T s compared to the case without EV participation. In addition, the controller maintains robust performance under DoS attack conditions, confirming its suitability for secure and resilient frequency regulation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is successfully validated through real-time simulation using OPAL-RT Lab OP4610, demonstrating its practical feasibility for real-world MG applications.