IoT-enabled EV architecture with MXG-2S boost converter and EPKO-PI controlled power management

The increasing demand for sustainable transportation has accelerated the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and intelligent power management systems in Electric Vehicles (EVs). This paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled photovoltaic (PV) powered EV architecture designed to improve energy efficiency, voltage regulation, and real-time system monitoring. A high-efficiency Modified Extended Gain Two-Stage (MXG-2S) boost converter is employed to enhance the voltage output of the PV system and maintain a stable DC-link voltage for reliable operation. To achieve improved voltage regulation under varying environmental conditions, an Enhanced Pied Kingfisher Optimized Proportional–Integral (EPKO-PI) controller is introduced. A bidirectional DC–DC converter is used to connect the battery with the DC bus, ensuring continuous power support during fluctuations in PV generation. For propulsion, a Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor is driven through a three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), while an additional VSI interfaces the system with the utility grid through an LC filter. Closed-loop control strategies are implemented to regulate motor speed and maintain grid synchronization. Furthermore, IoT-based monitoring enables real-time tracking of key parameters such as PV voltage and current, battery status, grid conditions, and motor speed, facilitating remote supervision, predictive maintenance, and enhanced operational reliability. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB demonstrate improved power quality, higher energy conversion efficiency, and effective load management, making the proposed architecture suitable for next-generation sustainable EV systems.