Youth Nationalism and Political Transformation in Nepal: Implications for India–Nepal Relations

This study examines the political transformation in Nepal, driven by rising nationalist sentiment, youth political movement and the emergence of independent political actors. The study highlights the role of youth-led protests, high unemployment, large-scale labour migration and governance failures in generating widespread political discontent. This discontent has contributed to significant changes in Nepal’s political landscape, including the rise of independent political figures such as Balen Shah, whose emergence as the prime minister of Nepal reflects shifting voter preferences towards performance-based, transparent and non-partisan leadership driven by youth-led political mobilisation. These developments indicate a broader transformation in political participation and public expectations, particularly among younger populations. The article further argues that these domestic changes are influencing Nepal’s foreign policy behaviour towards its key external partners, particularly India, China and other development partners such as the United States. Rising youth nationalism and demands for accountability are contributing to a more assertive and interest-driven diplomatic approach. The study concludes that Nepal’s political transformation reflects not a rupture in India– Nepal relations, but a gradual shift towards more balanced and negotiated engagement. Overall, it demonstrates that generational change and emerging political actors are reshaping both domestic political expectations and Nepal’s external strategic behaviour within a small-state context.