Advances and Challenges in the Mineral Nutrition of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and Its Implications for Productivity and Quality: A Review

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Mineral nutrition is a decisive factor in the growth, development, yield, and fruit quality of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), yet the available evidence is scattered across contrasting production systems and agroecological contexts. This review synthesizes the scientific advances, technological innovations, and outstanding challenges in the mineral nutrition of this crop, with emphasis on plant physiology, phenology, yield components, and fruit physicochemical quality attributes. The literature published between January 2000 and April 2026 in international and Latin American databases was examined and organized into thematic categories: macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), micronutrients (Fe, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu), the beneficial element silicon, and emerging fertilization technologies. Nitrogen governs vegetative growth and biomass accumulation, with reported rates of 130–350 kg N ha−1 and yields of 15–20 t ha−1; phosphorus drives root development, flowering, and energy transfer; and potassium regulates osmotic balance, photoassimilate transport, and fruit quality, and mitigates salt stress. Calcium and magnesium sustain cell-wall integrity, chlorophyll synthesis, and fruit quality; micronutrients (Fe, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu) sustain enzymatic activity and photosynthesis; and the beneficial element silicon enhances tolerance to abiotic stress. Controlled-release fertilizers, fertigation, foliar feeding, biostimulants, biofertilizers, and beneficial microorganisms improve nutrient-use efficiency. Knowledge gaps persist in rate optimization, nutrient interactions, cultivar-specific responses, and the adaptation of fertilization programs to local conditions. Balanced mineral nutrition, integrated with emerging technologies and site-specific diagnostics, is a key strategy for increasing the yield, fruit quality, and sustainability of passion fruit production.