Measuring innovation in local government: an Exploratory factor analysis of provincial administrative organizations in Thailand

Innovation has become a critical capability for local governments seeking to improve service delivery, organizational effectiveness, and responsiveness to community needs. However, empirical research on local government innovation remains fragmented, with limited attention to multidimensional measurement frameworks, particularly in decentralized governance contexts. This study addresses this gap by developing a preliminary exploratory scale of Innovative Practices in Local Government Administration (IPLGA) within Thailand’s Provincial Administrative Organizations (PAOs). Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 400 residents in PAO jurisdictions within Thailand’s Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) through a structured 24-item questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Principal Axis Factoring and Promax rotation. The results yielded a provisional four-factor structure comprising Community Capacity and Organizational Development Innovation; Smart Community and Service Development Innovation; Sustainable Community and Environmental Innovation; and Public Safety and Security Innovation. Seventeen items were retained, with factor-specific Cronbach’s α coefficients ranging from 0.760 to 0.847. Strong factor correlations (0.629–0.748) indicated interconnected dimensions whose empirical distinctiveness remains unresolved. The findings provide a preliminary framework for examining perceived local government innovation. Confirmatory analysis and further validity assessment are required before broader application.