The role of rural tourism in promoting small farmer’s income: Evidence from the sub-Himalayan region of Eastern India

Rural tourism is increasingly recognised as a viable non-farm livelihood strategy for small and marginal farmers, especially in regions with strong tourism potential. However, despite its growing policy relevance, empirical evidence on its role in improving farmers’ income in the sub-Himalayan region of Eastern India remains limited. This study examines the determinants of farmers’ participation in tourism-led livelihood activities and estimates the impact of this participation on household income. Primary data were collected from 400 households across eight villages in the Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts of West Bengal, India. A binary probit model was used to analyse participation decisions, while a two-stage least squares instrumental variables approach was used to estimate income effects. The findings reveal that access to credit, housing conditions, marital status, migration, and primary occupation significantly influence participation. Participation in tourism has a positive and statistically significant impact on farmers’ income. Additionally, gender, age, education, landholding size, migration, and family structure are positively associated with income among participating households. The study highlights key drivers and constraints of tourism participation. It emphasises the need to promote rural tourism alongside supportive policies such as improved access to credit, skill development, and local employment opportunities to ensure inclusive and sustainable livelihood outcomes.