The top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) method under high oxygen pressure (P O2 ) atmosphere has been developed to obtain large high-performance single crystals of ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12. Crystals grown at 960 °C at a P O2 of 0.9 MPa exhibited well-saturated hysteresis with a remanent polarization of 48 µC/cm2 and a coercive field of 29 kV/cm. The results of piezoresponse force microscopy indicate that polarization switching is accomplished throughout the crystals. Electric-field-induced strain measurements along the a axis yield a piezoelectric constant d 11 * of 37 pm/V for Bi4Ti3O12.
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Kitanaka et al. (2010) studied this question.
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