Slot-die coated methylammonium-free perovskite solar cells with 18% efficiency

One of the major bottlenecks of perovskite photovoltaic modules fabrication is the homogeneous deposition of perovskite material on large-area substrates. Here, we show that slot-die coating technique combined with synergistic gas quenching and substrate heating can produce compact, homogenous and reproducible Cs 0.16 FA 0.84 Pb(I 0·88 Br 0.12 ) 3 perovskite films. We demonstrate the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in a planar (n-i-p) device configuration and attain power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18% over 0.09 cm 2 device active area. The versatility of this crystallization strategy, which eliminates the need for complex solvents or additive engineering, was studied using planar SnO 2 - and TiO 2 -coated FTO substrates. Our study provides greater insights into achieving controlled coating and homogeneous crystallization of perovskite films over large-area substrates (~10 × 10 cm 2 ) necessary for the commercialization of this technology.