Novel zero-watermarking scheme based on DWT-DCT

Essential characteristics for watermark registration and detection without data modification can be used in an audio zero-watermarking scheme. In this paper, a novel audio zero-watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented. The watermark is registered by comparing the mean absolute values of the adjacent frame coefficients after DWT and DCT. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is strongly robust to common attacks such as AWGN, downsampling, low-pass filtering, requantization, and MP3 compression. A performance analysis of the proposed scheme shows that all bit error rates after attacks are zero.