Exploring the broader social value outcomes reported in economic evaluations of vaccination programmes across the life course: A scoping review

BACKGROUND: Conventional economic evaluations typically focus on direct healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), potentially underestimating the full value of vaccination. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to identify the broader outcomes captured in economic analyses of vaccination programmes. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted to explore the broader social, economic, and environmental values reported in economic analysis studies of vaccination programmes and strategies. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched, and relevant studies were synthesised. RESULTS: A total of 8442 records were retrieved, with 171 articles included following full-text screening. Five categories of broader-value outcomes were identified, including short- and long-term productivity impacts, sequelae-related outcomes (e.g., long-term care needs), out-of-pocket expenses, and other wider economic and societal impacts. CONCLUSIONS: Economic evaluations of immunisation programmes continue to underrepresent the full multidimensional value of vaccination, with limited incorporation of broader social, economic, and life-course impacts. Expanding the inclusion of these outcomes will strengthen the evidence base and support more informed, holistic decision-making for immunisation investment.