Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Encroachment and Environmental Vulnerability Along Hydrocarbon Pipeline Right-of-Way in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria

Rapid urbanization in Bauchi Metropolis has led to unprecedented land use changes, often resulting in the encroachment of developments into critical infrastructure corridors. This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of urban encroachment and associated environmental vulnerability along the hydrocarbon pipeline Right-of-Way (Row) extending from Rafin Zurfi to the Yelwa area of Bauchi Metropolis. Utilizing multi-temporal satellite imagery (Landsat and high-resolution Google Earth data) spanning from 2015 to 2025, geospatial techniques were deployed to map land consumption rates and buffer zones. The findings reveal a severe and progressive breach of the statutory 15 meter safety buffer, driven by residential and commercial physical expansions. Environmental vulnerability analysis indicates high-risk zones characterized by dense populations exposed to potential pipeline explosions, environmental degradation, and soil contamination. The study underscores an urgent need for strict enforcement of structural setbacks, continuous geospatial monitoring, and collaborative governance between town planning authorities and hydrocarbon operators to mitigate impending disaster risks.