Multiscale optimization design of porphyrin electrocatalysts for redox reactions under operational conditions

Porphyrin electrocatalysts possess significant advantages, including adjustable structure, high selectivity, and excellent stability, and are widely applied in redox reactions. However, under actual operating conditions, porphyrin catalysts are prone to structural rearrangement and loss of active sites, resulting in decreased activity and stability, and making it difficult to meet the requirements of industrial applications. Based on the current status of porphyrin catalysts from theoretical research to industrial application, this review aims to clarify the design and application strategies of them under actual operating conditions. Firstly, we provide an overview of the classification system of porphyrin catalysts. Secondly, we delve into the challenges faced by porphyrin catalysts in industrial environments. Subsequently, we propose optimization strategies for porphyrin electrocatalysts at the atomic scale (strongly coupled carrier and spatial confinement) and the molecular scale (regulation of large ring conjugation, strengthening metal-ligand bonds and mass transfer channels), and cover their practical applications. Finally, we focus on integrated electrodes suitable for industrial implementation. We systematically summarize the main challenges and solutions faced by porphyrin electrocatalysts under actual working conditions, and outline the future development directions.