Application of dissemination and implementation science theories, models, and frameworks in HIV research: a scoping review (2020–2024)

Background Dissemination and implementation science (D&I) theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) provide structured approaches to studying and enhancing the adoption, implementation, and sustainment of evidence-based interventions. Despite the growing interest in using D&I science in HIV research, details applying D&I TMFs remain limited.Objective This scoping review characterizes the use of D&I TMFs in domestic and global HIV research.Methods We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed empirical studies published between January 2020 and May 2024 that applied at least one D&I TMF in HIV research. The review focused on 15 highly cited D&I TMFs using methods by Walsh-Bailey et al. (2023). Inclusion criteria were: 1) substantive use of a D&I TMF to inform design, data collection, evaluation, or analysis; 2) addressing HIV prevention, intervention, and/or implementation; and 3) original empirical studies. An abstraction template captured study characteristics, TMF application, implementation strategies, and relevance to HIV implementation efforts.Results Of the 2,360 articles screened, 168 met eligibility criteria. The most frequently used TMFs were the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (n = 49), RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) (n = 33), Theoretical Domains Framework (n = 24), and Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS; n = 15). Applications varied from study design and planning (n = 72) to informing implementation strategies (n = 44) and evaluation and impact assessment (n = 128). Case exemplars are offered to showcase how TMFs have been used across contexts.Conclusions Findings offer insight into how D&I TMFs have been integrated in HIV implementation research. Improved reporting and use of TMFs may promote implementation effectiveness across HIV implementation efforts.