Stress recovery and restorative effects of viewing different types of peony garden landscapes: a preliminary experiment

Figure 1. Location of the research and distribution of the survey sites.

Figure 2. VR scenes of each experimental group.

Figure 3. Experimental content and procedure.

Figure 4. Comparison of mean values of heart rates, R-R intervals, LF/HF and HF from the stress stages for the recovery stages. IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56, mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, paired-sample t-test.

Figure 5. Comparison of physiological index changed values among the different peony garden scenes at the recovery stages. IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56. mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Figure 6. Comparison of mean values of low alpha, high alpha, low beta, and high beta brainwaves from the stress stages for the recovery stages. IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56, mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, paired-sample t-test.

Figure 7. Comparison of EEG wave changed values among the different types of peony garden landscapes. IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56. mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Figure 8. STAI-S scores of the subjects in different experimental groups. (A) Changes during the stress stages and recovery stages. n = 56, mean ± SD, **p < 0.01, paired-sample t-test. (B) Comparison of STAI-S change scores among the different scenes. IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56, mean ± SD, **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Figure 9. Comparison of mean values of POMS scores between the stress stages and the recovery stages. T-A, tension-anxiety; A-H, anger-hostility; F-I, fatigue-inertia; C-B, confusion-bewilderment; D-D, depression-dejection; V-A, vigor-activity; IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56, mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, paired-sample t-test.

Figure 10. Comparison of changed values in POMS scores among the different peony garden scenes at the recovery stages. T-A, tension-anxiety; A-H, anger-hostility; F-I, fatigue-inertia; C-B, confusion-bewilderment; D-D, depression-dejection; V-A, vigor-activity; IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56, mean ± SD, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Figure 11. Correlation analysis of psychological indicators and PRS overall scores at the recovery stages. FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden; T-A, tension-anxiety; A-H, anger-hostility; F-I, fatigue-inertia; C-B, confusion-bewilderment; D-D, depression-dejection; V-A, vigor-activity; STAI, anxiety levels. n = 56, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, correlation analysis.

Figure 12. Comparison of the PRS subscale scores among the different peony garden scenes. IE, Indoor environment; FPG, Flatland peony garden; TPG, Terraced peony garden; MPG, Mountainous peony garden. n = 56, mean ± SD, **p < 0.01, exploratory analysis.