Sudan Dye Adulteration in Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Health Risks, Detection Methods, Regulatory Responses, and Preventive Strategies

Sudan dyes (SDs), synthetic azo dyes used exclusively in industrial applications, are frequently detected as illegal adulterants in spice products due to their vivid color and low cost. This review systematically assesses the health risks posed by SD exposure and characterizes global contamination patterns across complex spice supply chains. These supply chains are inherently complex, presenting risks such as contamination, adulteration, and food fraud (FF). Mitigating these risks demands a coordinated approach: integrating advanced technology, enforcing regulatory compliance, and embedding sustainability across the entire chain. Key actions include deploying scalable detection tools, delivering targeted training, and aligning with international standards to strengthen transparency and traceability. Regulatory challenges stem from supply chain complexity, varying international standards, and enforcement limitations in producing regions. However, adopting cutting-edge tools, enhancing supply chain visibility, and promoting sustainable practices can reduce contamination, adulteration, and fraud, strengthening food safety and resilience. In summary, this review emphasizes the need for integrated prevention strategies combining blockchain-based traceability, Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring, harmonized global regulations, and strengthened supplier oversight to safeguard food authenticity and public health.