Key result
Extreme cold exposure linked to ~2-fold higher 30-day mortality in HFmrEF.
Cohort (n=2,184)
No
Hazard Ratio: 2.012 (95% CI 1.003–4.033)
Absolute Event Rate: 8.6% vs 4%
p-value: p=0.049
Shows extreme cold exposure doubles 30-day mortality in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, highlighting acute temperature risks over broad seasonal variation.
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Steffen et al. (2026) conducted a cohort in Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) (n=2,184). Extreme cold exposure (≤ 0.8°C) vs. Reference temperature (middle 90% of the temperature distribution) was evaluated on 30-day all-cause mortality (HR 2.012, 95% CI 1.003-4.033, p=0.049). Extreme cold exposure at admission was associated with significantly higher 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HR 2.012, p=0.049).
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