Determinants of climate smart agricultural practices adoption and their implications for household food security in Musanze District, Rwanda

Climate change threatens smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Musanze District, this study assessed Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) adoption and its impact on household food security. A cross-sectional survey of 422 households used HFIAS and HDDS indicators. CSA adoption was high (91.7–100%), though constrained by land fragmentation. All households were food secure, with a mean HDDS of 10.78. Higher adoption intensity was associated with greater dietary diversity, measured using the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). Farmers perceived gains in income and diet, but not affordability. While CSA supports food security, addressing land fragmentation, input access and market challenges is essential for sustained impact.