Model Predictive Control Strategy for Energy Optimization in CNG-Converted Vehicles in Nigeria

The increasing adoption of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as an alternative transportation fuel in Nigeria, catalyzed by the removal of petroleum subsidies and the implementation of the Presidential Compressed Natural Gas Initiative (PCNGI), has accelerated the conversion of petrol-powered vehicles using aftermarket conversion kits. However, many converted vehicles experience poor fuel economy, unstable engine performance, and inconsistent Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) regulation due to inadequate calibrat