The triple-layered business model canvas as a tool for sustainable BSF farming: A case of smallholder farmers in Kenya

Smallholder farmers play an important role in providing food to the world, but they are at risk due to issues like climate change, soil erosion, and high feed costs. The livestock industry, especially poultry, pig, and fish farming, is seriously disadvantaged by Kenya's unsustainable dependence on traditional protein sources, such as fishmeal and soybeans. This paper explores how Black Soldier Fly larvae technology (Hermetia illucens) may reduce these limitations and reinstate opportunities by providing sustainable animal feed and organic fertiliser products, while encouraging circular economy ideologies. The study intensively used focus group discussions (FGDs) in five counties of Kenya (Nakuru, Baringo, Kisumu, Kakamega and Busia), in which 75 stakeholders of the BSF value chain were sampled. Value chain mapping and thematic analysis were applied to understand the roles of actors, the connections, and the dynamics of the system. The sustainability of the technology was evaluated using a Triple-Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) approach in terms of economic, environmental, and social aspects. The results indicated that, in addition to enhancing livestock productivity through high-quality feed, BSF technology also improves soil health through the application of frass. The model generates local jobs, supports waste management, and upholds community well-being. The study ends by suggesting the creation of inclusive business models that will include smallholder farmers as suppliers, processors, and distributors in the BSF value chain. Then, the use of extension services, improved regulatory support, and establishment of financial incentives will help unleash the full potential of BSF technology in Kenya and beyond.