Arsha (Haemorrhoids): An Ayurvedic and Modern Surgical Review

Arsha is a major anorectal disorder described in the classical Ayurvedic Samhitas, with detailed discussion of its etiology, varieties, clinical manifestations, prognosis and treatment. Contemporary medicine recognizes haemorrhoids as symptomatic pathological changes involving the normal vascular cushions of the anal canal. This review presents Arsha from both Ayurvedic and modern surgical perspectives, with emphasis on the classical descriptions of Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata, the Ayurvedic Nidana Panchaka, modern clinical features, pathophysiology, Goligher grading and evidence-based treatment. Ayurvedic management is discussed through dietary regulation, Agni correction, Vatanulomana, local measures, Basti, Takra-based approaches and selected para-surgical principles.