The nexus of digital transformation, ESG, and innovation: a bibliometric and systematic review

This study systematically reviews and synthesizes the interaction ecosystem (nexus) among Digital Transformation (DT), Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, and green innovation through a mixed-method design. By integrating macro-level bibliometric analysis and a micro-level Systematic Literature Review (SLR) adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we address linear and fragmented perspectives in existing literature. We propose a multidimensional conceptual framework integrating the Resource-Based View (RBV), Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), and Institutional Theory. Specifically, we conceptualize a tentative “dual-engine synergy” mechanism defined as the collaborative interaction where digital technologies act as foundational enablers that amplify ESG performance through green innovation as a core mediator with environmental uncertainty functioning as a key moderating boundary condition. Additionally, the review incorporates a critical perspective on the “digitalization paradox” the phenomenon where rapid digital expansion inadvertently increases environmental footprints or induces symbolic compliance. This synthesis aims to strengthen the conceptual foundation of digital sustainability. Finally, we tentatively discuss the potential of Blockchain technology to address ESG rating divergence and suggest Machine Learning as a speculative tool for future empirical validation, highlighting these as hypothetical pathways requiring rigorous empirical testing.