The widespread use of textiles in apparel, furnishings, transportation, and industrial applications has increased concerns regarding their inherent flammability and associated fire hazards. Cotton and cotton-blended fabrics are particularly susceptible to combustion due to their high cellulose content, contributing to rapid flame spread, smoke generation, and toxic gas release during fire incidents. Consequently, significant research efforts have focused on developing effective flame-retardant finishing technologies to enhance textile fire safety. This review summarizes recent advances in flame-retardant treatments for cotton and cotton-blended textiles, highlighting the role of phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, boron, nanomaterials, and bio-based systems. Particular attention is given to sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional flame retardants, along with emerging hybrid organic–inorganic flame retardants that provide additional properties such as antimicrobial and UV-protective performance. This review provides a concise overview of modern flame-retardant strategies for developing safer and more sustainable cotton-based textiles.
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Patra et al. (2026) studied this question.
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