Electromagnetic Field Exposure and Public Health: A Comprehensive Review of Biological Effects, Health Risks, and Future Research Directions

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have become increasingly prevalent due to the widespread use of electrical power systems, wireless communication technologies, and electronic devices, raising concerns about their potential public health effects. This review critically examines the biological mechanisms underlying EMF exposure, emphasizing oxidative stress as the principal pathway leading to cellular injury, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered physiological functions. Current evidence on the effects of EMFs on the nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems, as well as cancer risk, is summarized. The review also highlights the protective potential of medicinal plants, natural products, and phytochemicals, whose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may mitigate EMF-induced toxicity. Although promising experimental findings exist, human evidence remains inconsistent. Future research should prioritize standardized exposure protocols, long-term clinical studies, and the development of evidence-based natural interventions to improve public health protection against chronic EMF exposure