Key result
Smoking linked to ~50% lower odds of cardiomyopathy vs. ACS in young adults with CVD.
Why the study?
Evidence on cardiovascular disease subtypes and associated factors in young Pakistani adults was limited.
Cross-Sectional (n=2,090)
Yes
Odds Ratio: 0.5 (95% CI 0.41–0.61)
p-value: p=<0.001
Young adults account for nearly a quarter of CVD cases in this Pakistani cohort, predominantly presenting with acute coronary syndrome and driven by high rates of modifiable risk factors like obesity and hypertension.
Highlights severe CVD burden in young Pakistani adults; leaves open need for longitudinal studies before screening changes.
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Evidence on CVD subtypes in young Pakistani adults is limited. This study characterized CVD subtypes and associated factors among young adults in Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Methods A multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted at four hospitals among patients aged 18–45 years. Data were extracted from three-year hospital records. Associations were assessed using chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression.Results 8,650 CVD cases, 2,090 (24.2%) were young adults, predominantly male (64.6%), with a median age of 40 years (IQR: 36–44). ACS was the most common subtype (61.0%), followed by cardiomyopathy (39.0%). Overweight/obesity (77.0%), hypertension (56.5%), smoking (39.7%), dyslipidaemia (21.8%), and diabetes (14.4%) were the most prevalent factors. Compared with ACS, cardiomyopathy was independently associated with high heart rate, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, and family history. Smoking was associated with lower odds of cardiomyopathy than ACS (aOR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.41–0.61, p < 0.001).Conclusions Young adults accounted for 24.2% of CVD cases, with ACS and cardiomyopathy the most common subtypes, highlighting the need for targeted strategies. The cross-sectional design, findings indicate subtype differences rather than causal effects, while supporting smoking cessation and early hypertension detection in young adults.
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Arif et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) subtypes (ACS and cardiomyopathy) (n=2,090). Smoking vs. Non-smoking was evaluated on Cardiomyopathy (compared with ACS) (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.41-0.61, p=<0.001). Among young adults with CVD, smoking was associated with significantly lower odds of presenting with cardiomyopathy compared to acute coronary syndrome (aOR 0.50; 95% CI 0.41-0.61; p<0.001).
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