Towards an integrated process model of designing with data

This article proposes an integrated process model for designing with data in iterative, user-centred connected-product development. Based on a structured narrative review, conceptual synthesis, and an illustrative phygital cooking-system case, it explains how empirical traces can be transformed into actionable design input. The model addresses three recurrent frictions in connected environments: evidential frictions related to data quality and interpretability, organizational frictions related to actor coordination, and temporal frictions related to continuously updated traces. AI-related literature situates computational interpretation within data-intensive design, although no AI system is examined in the empirical case. Interaction-log analysis illustrates how breakdown-prone paths, programme-level variation, and interface-refinement priorities can inform iterative redesign. The article contributes a process account of how trace interpretation, human-centred design, and connected-product development can be connected under conditions of structured operational data, cross-functional interpretation, and iterative release.