3D finite element models for simulating high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation system with T , T – A , and T – A self formulations

The high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic levitation system utilizes the pinning force of superconducting materials in a gradient magnetic field to achieve levitation. Currently, many simulations rely on singular methods such as the H or A methods, with a significant focus on the H method within the finite element simulation software COMSOL. However, the H method in 3D modeling faces challenges in computation times. The T method has led to its widespread adoption in various HTS electrical applications, and the T–A method demonstrates significant improvements in computational efficiency. However, the 3D modeling of superconducting magnetic levitation systems presents unique challenges, due to the self-magnetic field of the superconductors and the relative motion simulation with a permanent magnetic guideway. This paper introduces 3D finite element models with T, T–A, and T–Aself modeling separately. In order to balance calculation accuracy and calculation time, the models are constructed considering the varying sizes of air domains and superconducting grid parameters. Various methods yield levitation force data that align well with experimental results. Notably, when we consider the relationship between grid and levitation force, the T–Aself method with the infinite element approach can achieve precise calculation results with very few grids. This research will provide effective reference for future scholars investigating HTS magnetic levitation systems.