Indicators of Surfers as Aquatic Rescuers in Coastal Environments in Brazil: Profile and Potential Based on Cluster Analysis

Introduction Drowning is a major public health problem and ranks among the leading causes of death worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Surfers may play a relevant role as informal aquatic rescuers. Objective To assess the potential of surfers to act as aquatic rescuers by analyzing their knowledge of rescue and first aid in Brazilian coastal environments. Methods This cross-sectional study included 171 surfers over 18 years of age, of both sexes, recruited by convenience through an electronic questionnaire. Participants who self-reported autonomy to paddle beyond the breaking zone and catch waves without assistance were included. The instrument comprised sociodemographic data, surfing experience, risk perception, knowledge of sea conditions, first-aid training, and history of rescues. Cluster analysis using the K-means algorithm was employed to group participants based on variables related to experience, risk perception, and technical knowledge, identifying homogeneous profiles regarding their potential for rescue activities. Results Two distinct clusters were identified. Cluster 1 showed lower experience, less formal qualification, and less previous involvement in rescues. Cluster 2 comprised older surfers (43 ± 9 years), with longer surfing experience, predominantly male (79%), advanced technical level, professional involvement with surfing, first-aid training, and a higher frequency of rescues performed ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Surfers with greater experience, higher technical level, and first-aid training show greater potential to act as informal aquatic rescuers. A substantial proportion of participants lack formal training, underscoring the need for structured training strategies.