Design-driven innovation with 3D printing technology across traditional and digital contexts

Purpose This study investigates how design-driven innovation (DDI) evolves when enabled by 3D printing technology (3DPT), examining how actors, innovation processes, and outputs are reconfigured across traditional maker contexts (Fab Labs) and digital platform-based settings. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative multiple case study examines four Italian firms using 3DPT across traditional and digital contexts. Data were collected through 19 semi-structured interviews, complemented by secondary sources, and analyzed using Verganti's DDI framework. Findings The findings identify four elements of DDI enabled by 3DPT: (1) broader actor networks involving firms, designers, makers, and consumers; (2) on-demand, co-creative processes combining digital design and craft practices; (3) highly customized products characterized by aesthetic value, functional variability, and new meanings; and (4) a perceived low environmental impact associated with localized, low-volume production, waste reduction, and biodegradable materials. Together, Fab Labs and digital platforms form a complementary tradidigital configuration of DDI. Originality/value This study extends DDI theory by conceptualizing a tradidigital configuration that integrates traditional Fab Labs and digital platforms within 3D printing-enabled innovation.