Anisometropia, Strabismus, and Amblyopia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Their Comorbidity

Purpose: To explore the association of anisometropia, strabismus, and amblyopia with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and their comorbidity. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Subjects: Children aged 6-10 years in Hong Kong. Methods: Participants underwent comprehensive ocular examinations. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and ASD diagnoses were made by qualified physicians using International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria. Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence of anisometropia, strabismus and amblyopia. Results: A total of 10 936 children were included, comprising 153 (1.4%) with ASD only, 413 (3.8%) with ADHD only, 276 (2.5%) with comorbid ASD–ADHD, and 10 094 (92.3%) healthy controls. The prevalence of anisometropia was 9.8%, 8.7%, 15.2%, and 6.0% across the respective groups ( P < 0.001). The corresponding prevalence of strabismus was 4.6%, 2.9%, 4.0%, and 1.7% ( P < 0.001), and for amblyopia, it was 7.2%, 2.7%, 4.0%, and 2.9% ( P = 0.03). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD only plus comorbidity) was associated with higher risks of anisometropia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.51, P = 0.04), strabismus (OR = 2.30, P = 0.01), and amblyopia (OR = 1.91, P = 0.02), whereas ADHD (ADHD only plus comorbidity) was associated with anisometropia (OR = 1.58, P = 0.008) after adjusting for covariates. In subgroup analyses, the ASD-only group showed associations with strabismus (OR = 2.47, P = 0.04) and amblyopia (OR = 2.46, P = 0.02). The comorbid ASD–ADHD group exhibited a higher risk of anisometropia (OR = 2.17, P < 0.001), whereas children with ADHD only showed no association with the aforementioned ocular disorders. Conclusions: Children with ASD only and ASD–ADHD comorbidity were associated with increased and distinct patterns of anisometropia, strabismus, and amblyopia, while children with ADHD only showed no such association. Financial Disclosure(s): The author has no/the authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.