The aim of this review is to evaluate current biomarkers in neurological diseases in terms of their diagnostic value, limitations, and relationships with each other. In this narrative review, the literature published up to January 2026 was searched through PubMed and Web of Science databases. Current studies related to neurological diseases and biomarkers were evaluated, while non-English publications and conference abstracts were excluded. Biomarkers based on cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging, and physiological methods were reviewed. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were found to reflect the molecular processes of diseases, whereas imaging methods reveal the spatial distribution of pathological changes. The multimodal use of biomarkers may improve diagnostic accuracy. However, the need for invasive procedures, as well as limitations related to cost and accessibility, restrict their clinical applicability. Biomarkers provide significant advantages in the early diagnosis, staging, and individualized treatment approaches of neurological diseases. Digital biomarkers and artificial intelligence-supported analyses are considered promising approaches that may contribute to clinical decision-making processes in the future.
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Dörtkol et al. (2026) studied this question.
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