Enhanced light-conversion efficiency of titanium-dioxide dye-sensitized solar cells with the addition of indium-tin-oxide and fluorine-tin-oxide nanoparticles in electrode films

We prepared of electrodes that consist of TiO2 with addition of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) nanoparticles and the application of such electrodes on dye-sensitized solar cell. As compared to TiO2 alone, the addition of ITO and FTO nanoparticles resulted in an efficiency improvement of ~20% up to ~54% for the TiO2-ITO and TiO2-FTO systems, respectively. This improvement was partly attributed to a slightly enhanced dye-adsorption behavior and a change in the TiO2 surface chemistry due to the presence of ITO or FTO nanoparticles.