Recent advances in nanocomposites combining MOF, chitosan, and graphene oxide for CO 2 capture: mineral carbonation processes and economic prospects

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Global warming driven by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions necessitates sustainable carbon capture and storage strategies, particularly for fossil-fuel-dependent industries. Mineral carbonation offers a promising approach by converting CO2 into stable solid carbonates, thereby reducing the risk of atmospheric release. This review evaluates the effectiveness, economic feasibility, environmental impacts, and technological challenges of mineral carbonation relative to alternative carbon sequestration methods, including chemical and geological storage. Recent advances in mineral carbonation, including the development of metal–organic framework (MOF), graphene oxide (GO), and chitosan (CS)-based nanocomposites, are discussed alongside process optimisation and infrastructure requirements. The review also examines energy consumption, operational costs, and barriers to large-scale implementation. Strategies to enhance the sustainability and industrial viability of mineral carbonation are proposed, emphasising the integration of renewable energy, sustainable environmental policies, technological innovation, education, and collaboration among governments, industry, and nongovernmental organisations. Despite remaining economic and energy-related challenges, continued advances in materials, process intensification, and infrastructure development could strengthen the role of mineral carbonation as a durable and scalable pathway for long-term CO2 sequestration.