Multifunctional Nanomaterials for the Carbon Dioxide Geological Utilization and Storage: Applications and Technical Challenges

As global warming intensifies, carbon dioxide (CO2) has become one of the primary contributors to climate change. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology represents one of the most effective methods for reducing CO2 emissions, offering a promising solution by capturing CO2 and either utilizing it or storing it in underground reservoirs for long-term sequestration. Among various CCUS strategies, CO2 geological utilization and storage (CGUS), which focuses on the geological aspects of CO2 storage and its potential utilization, plays a pivotal role. However, existing CGUS technologies still face challenges, including high costs and low efficiency. To enhance CGUS efficiency, the development of innovative technologies and materials is essential for improving the overall capability of the processes. Nanomaterials are increasingly recognized as an ideal solution for enhancing CGUS technology due to their ultra-small size, high specific surface area, exceptional physical and chemical properties, and potential for functionalization. This review examines the latest advancements in the application of nanomaterials for CGUS, focusing on the characteristics and potential of metal oxide nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, and inorganic nanomaterials, particularly silicon dioxide (SiO2). It also addresses the technical challenges that hinder the practical implementation of nanomaterials, including issues related to stability, scalable production, and environmental risks. Furthermore, the article outlines key research challenges and future directions for advancing CGUS technologies. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical insights to drive innovation in CGUS technology.