A scenario-adaptive AHP-FCE framework for lithium-ion battery thermal management: Optimal strategy selection in energy storage, supercars, and marine propulsion

The suitability of lithium-ion battery thermal management strategies (TMSs) varies substantially across operating conditions and engineering constraints, limiting the effectiveness of single-metric or fixed-weight evaluation methods. This study develops a scenario-adaptive framework integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (AHP-FCE). The framework comprises four primary criteria (technical performance, economic viability, environmental safety, and sustainability) and 15 secondary indicators, with scenario-specific weights and evaluation boundaries established for energy storage systems (ESS), electric supercars (ESC), and electric propulsion ships (EPS). Among the evaluated candidates, single-phase immersion cooling, two-phase immersion cooling, and single-phase cold-plate cooling rank first for ESS, ESC, and EPS, with adaptability scores of 0.894, 0.930, and 0.885, respectively, highlighting the scenario dependence of TMS selection. Robustness analyses confirm the overall stability of these recommendations, although the ESC ranking is more sensitive to the weighting method. An external techno-economic benchmark further supports the engineering plausibility of the ESS recommendation. The proposed framework provides a transparent and interpretable quantitative basis for preliminary TMS screening and scenario-specific engineering decision-making.