Photoaging mechanisms biomarkers and emerging therapeutic strategies

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Photoaging is the premature aging of the skin caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Although chronic UV radiation remains the principal environmental driver of photoaging, recent evidence indicates that exposure pattern, tissue repair capacity, and adaptive cellular responses also influence disease progression. This review summarizes established molecular mechanisms while discussing emerging controversies regarding UV exposure, biomarkers, and skin repair mechanisms. Unlike intrinsic aging, photoaging manifests through distinct molecular and clinical features, including wrinkles, pigmentation, and reduced skin elasticity. It is primarily driven by oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. This review aims to explore the key molecular pathways and biomarkers associated with photoaging and highlight potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate UV-induced skin damage. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases including Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and PubMed. Studies involving molecular, cellular, and histological aspects of photoaging were analysed, with particular focus on biomarkers and regulatory pathways activated by UV radiation. Photoaging is characterized by elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA lesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and chronic inflammation marked by cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. UV exposure also reduces Langerhans cells, impairs immune surveillance, and leads to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Telomere shortening and melanin dysregulation further exacerbate skin aging. Understanding the molecular basis of photoaging provides valuable insight into its prevention and management. Targeted interventions such as antioxidants, MMP inhibitors, and DNA repair enhancers may offer therapeutic benefits. This review emphasizes the need to distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic aging processes and supports the development of personalized strategies to maintain skin health.